![]() Stress, adverse life events, biological, psychological, and social factors are all associated with depression. Mediating role of depression between premature failure of ovarian function and cognitionĪn emerging public health challenge in the global scenario is depression, which affects people of all ages and is one of the leading causes of morbidity. It is associated with an increased risk of psychomotor speed decline. Also, there have been empirical studies that reported that women who experience premature ovarian failure, be it surgical or natural, have poor verbal fluency and memory in later life. Given that this fact is still debatable, there have been reported positive correlations between endogenous estrogen levels and cognitive function. There are experimental studies that have suggested that estrogen has neurological effects post menopause, the brain atrophy of women accelerates at a faster rate than in men. ![]() Effect of premature failure of ovarian function on cognitive abilitiesĮvidence of changes in estrogen levels accounting for speculated increased memory complaints during the menopausal transition exists. Thus, leading to changes in cognitive function in the longer term due to the menopausal transition. The endocrine changes that come with menopause include an erratic decline in estrogen levels which affects the brain. The cessation of menses is marked by amenorrhea, a rise in gonadotropin levels and oestrogen deficiency. Menopause occurring before the age of 40 is premature and between 40 and 44 years age is early, since the natural age of menopause lies between 45 and 50. ![]() Some women, due to ovarian insufficiency attains menopause at an early age due to lifestyle factors and hormonal imbalances. The majority of women normally attain menopause in the age bracket of 45 and 55. Menopause is an important event that marks the end of a woman’s reproductive period. More research into various methods and therapy is needed to determine the relationship between the age of early menopause and their psychosocial well-being. The study, strongly recommends the dissemination of information on the negative effects of tobacco consumption and making more informed choices to maintain a healthy life. Women who experienced premature menopause has lower cognitive scores, depressive symptoms and insomnia symptoms, which were higher among those who consumed tobacco. The findings emphasize the fact that smoking is associated with premature menopause, depression and insomnia. When the same model was carried out for early menopause (40–44 years), the results were not significant. There is a moderating effect of smoking or tobacco consumption has a significant moderating effect on the pathways among premature menopause, depression, insomnia and cognition. A moderated multiple mediation model was used to understand the association between premature or early menopause (X), insomnia (M1), depression (M2), moderator (W), and cognitive health (Y), while controlling for possible confounders. The sample of 31,435 women were aged 45 and above and did not undergo hysterectomy. The study utilized Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), 2017–2018, Wave 1 data. The moderated multiple mediation hypothesis of the study is that the effect of premature or early menopause is mediated by depression and insomnia, while all the pathways are moderated by smoking habits. The study aims to explore the effect of premature and early menopause on cognitive health, and psychosocial well-being.
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